Dnsmasq's startup script seems to assume users always want to use
dnsmasq as local DNS resolver, and tells resolvconf to put
"nameserver 127.0.0.1" in /etc/resolv.conf
The problem with this is that if users just want to use dnsmasq
as DHCP server, and put port=0 in /etc/dnsmasq.conf to disable
the DNS functionality, they end up with broken name resolving.

Put a basic check in the startup script that skips resolvconf
configuration if a line starting with port=0 is in /etc/dnsmasq.conf
This doesn't cover all cases (e.g. configuration could also be in
different file in /etc/dnsmasq.d), but is better than current
situation.

Adds option to delay replying to DHCP packets by one or more seconds.
This provides a workaround for a PXE boot firmware implementation
that has a bug causing it to fail if it receives a (proxy) DHCP
reply instantly.

On Linux it looks up the exact receive time of the UDP packet with
the SIOCGSTAMP ioctl to prevent multiple delays if multiple packets
come in around the same time.

It is currently only possible to let the TFTP server serve a different
folder depending on the client's IP address.
However it isn't always possible to predict what the client's
IP address will be, especially in situations in which we are not
responsible for handing them out (e.g. proxy dhcp setups).

Extend the current --tftp-unique-root parameter to support having a
separate folder per MAC address instead.

The current --server syntax allows for binding to interface or
address. However, in some (admittedly special) cases it is useful to
be able to specify both. This commit introduces the following syntax
to support binding to both interface and address:

--server X.X.X.X@IP@interface#port

Based on my tests, the syntax is backwards compatible with the current
@IP/interface#port. The code will fail if two interface names are given.

v1->v2:
* Add man page description of the extended server syntax (thanks Simon Kelley)
Signed-off-by: Kristian Evensen <kristian.evensen@gmail.com>

The man page says that we don't do DNSSEC on forwarded domains, but if
you turn on dnssec_check_signatures this turns out to be untrue,
because we try to build up a DS chain to them.  Since forwarded domains
are usually used for split DNS to hidden domains, they're unlikely to
verify to the DNS root anyway, so the way to do DNSSEC for them (as the
manual says) is to provide a trust anchor for each forwarder.

The problem I've run into is a split DNS setup where I want DNSSEC to
work mostly, but one of the forwarding domains doesn't have an internal
DNSSEC capable resolver. Without this patch the entire domain goes
unresolvable because the DS record query to the internal resolver
returns a failure which is interpreted as the domain being BOGUS.

The fix is not to do the DS record chase for forwarded domains.

The rev-server directive only handles the following CIDR prefixes
properly: /8, /16, /24, /32.

Any other value was silently converted to /16 which could result in
unexpected behaviour.

This patch rejects any other value instead of making a silent
conversion.

[ excerpt from the man page ]
The rev-server directive provides a syntactic sugar to make specifying
address-to-name queries easier. For example
--rev-server=1.2.3.0/24,192.168.0.1 is exactly equivalent to
--server=/3.2.1.in-addr.arpa/192.168.0.1

It is not mentioned in the man page but the only prefixes that the
directive properly handles when dealing with IPv4 are /8, /16 and /24.
Specifying anything else as the same effect as specifying /16.

It is not a big deal for subnets on non-octet boundaries since they
cannot be represented using a single in-addr.arpa address. However, it
is unconvenient for /32 prefix while the analogous server directive
behaves as expected. E.g. the following server directive work
as expected:

    server=/42.10.168.192.in-addr.arpa/1.2.3.4

but the following does not:

    rev-server=192.168.10.42/32,1.2.3.4

and, in practice, the later behaves the same as:

    server=/168.192.in-addr.arpa/1.2.3.4

This strange behaviour is fixed by accepting /32 CIDR prefixes as a
valid value. Any other value will still be considered the same as /16.

A domain can only have a CNAME if it has not other records.

Don't return a CNAME when there are records of other types on the name.

Thanks to Federico Bianchi for reporting this.

By default 30 first servers are listed individually to system log, and
then a count of the remaining items. With e.g. a NXDOMAIN based adblock
service, dnsmasq lists 30 unnecessary ad sites every time when dnsmasq
evaluates the list. But the actual nameservers in use are evaluated last
and are not displayed as they get included in the "remaining items" total.

Handle the "local addresses only" separately and list only a few of them.
Remove the "local addresses only" from the general count.

Specifically, be prepared to open a new connection when we
want to make multiple queries but the upstream server accepts
fewer queries per connection.

This effectively reverts most of 51967f98 ("SERVFAIL is an expected
error return, don't try all servers.") and 4ace25c5 ("Treat REFUSED (not
SERVFAIL) as an unsuccessful upstream response").

With the current behaviour, as soon as dnsmasq receives a SERVFAIL from an
upstream server, it stops trying to resolve the query and simply returns
SERVFAIL to the client.  With this commit, dnsmasq will instead try to
query other upstream servers upon receiving a SERVFAIL response.

According to RFC 1034 and 1035, the semantic of SERVFAIL is that of a
temporary error condition.  Recursive resolvers are expected to encounter
network or resources issues from time to time, and will respond with
SERVFAIL in this case.  Similarly, if a validating DNSSEC resolver [RFC
4033] encounters issues when checking signatures (unknown signing
algorithm, missing signatures, expired signatures because of a wrong
system clock, etc), it will respond with SERVFAIL.

Note that all those behaviours are entirely different from a negative
response, which would provide a definite indication that the requested
name does not exist.  In our case, if an upstream server responds with
SERVFAIL, another upstream server may well provide a positive answer for
the same query.

Thus, this commit will increase robustness whenever some upstream servers
encounter temporary issues or are misconfigured.

Quoting RFC 1034, Section 4.3.1. "Queries and responses":

    If recursive service is requested and available, the recursive response
    to a query will be one of the following:

       - The answer to the query, possibly preface by one or more CNAME
         RRs that specify aliases encountered on the way to an answer.

       - A name error indicating that the name does not exist.  This
         may include CNAME RRs that indicate that the original query
	  name was an alias for a name which does not exist.

       - A temporary error indication.

Here is Section 5.2.3. of RFC 1034, "Temporary failures":

    In a less than perfect world, all resolvers will occasionally be unable
    to resolve a particular request.  This condition can be caused by a
    resolver which becomes separated from the rest of the network due to a
    link failure or gateway problem, or less often by coincident failure or
    unavailability of all servers for a particular domain.

And finally, RFC 1035 specifies RRCODE 2 for this usage, which is now more
widely known as SERVFAIL (RFC 1035, Section 4.1.1. "Header section format"):

    RCODE           Response code - this 4 bit field is set as part of
                    responses.  The values have the following
                    interpretation:
                    (...)

                    2               Server failure - The name server was
                                    unable to process this query due to a
                                    problem with the name server.

For the DNSSEC-related usage of SERVFAIL, here is RFC 4033
Section 5. "Scope of the DNSSEC Document Set and Last Hop Issues":

    A validating resolver can determine the following 4 states:
    (...)

    Insecure: The validating resolver has a trust anchor, a chain of
       trust, and, at some delegation point, signed proof of the
       non-existence of a DS record.  This indicates that subsequent
       branches in the tree are provably insecure.  A validating resolver
       may have a local policy to mark parts of the domain space as
       insecure.

    Bogus: The validating resolver has a trust anchor and a secure
       delegation indicating that subsidiary data is signed, but the
       response fails to validate for some reason: missing signatures,
       expired signatures, signatures with unsupported algorithms, data
       missing that the relevant NSEC RR says should be present, and so
       forth.
    (...)

    This specification only defines how security-aware name servers can
    signal non-validating stub resolvers that data was found to be bogus
    (using RCODE=2, "Server Failure"; see [RFC4035]).

Notice the difference between a definite negative answer ("Insecure"
state), and an indefinite error condition ("Bogus" state).  The second
type of error may be specific to a recursive resolver, for instance
because its system clock has been incorrectly set, or because it does not
implement newer cryptographic primitives.  Another recursive resolver may
succeed for the same query.

There are other similar situations in which the specified behaviour is
similar to the one implemented by this commit.

For instance, RFC 2136 specifies the behaviour of a "requestor" that wants
to update a zone using the DNS UPDATE mechanism.  The requestor tries to
contact all authoritative name servers for the zone, with the following
behaviour specified in RFC 2136, Section 4:

    4.6. If a response is received whose RCODE is SERVFAIL or NOTIMP, or
    if no response is received within an implementation dependent timeout
    period, or if an ICMP error is received indicating that the server's
    port is unreachable, then the requestor will delete the unusable
    server from its internal name server list and try the next one,
    repeating until the name server list is empty.  If the requestor runs
    out of servers to try, an appropriate error will be returned to the
    requestor's caller.

Thanks to Josh Soref for generating these fixes.

Bug tickled by Nominum upstream when DNSSEC enabled, due to
unusual order of RRs in reply from upstream server.

Some consider it good practice to obscure software version numbers to
clients.  Compiling with -DNO_ID removes the *.bind info structure.
This includes: version, author, copyright, cachesize, cache insertions,
evictions, misses & hits, auth & servers.

Manual page: clarify that the --address and --ipset options take one or
more domains rather than just two. Clarify that --ipset puts addresses
in all ipsets, it is not a 1:1 mapping from addresses.

Also increase the width for options output in --help, some options were
truncated leading to confusing output. Almost all options and
descriptions are now within the 120 colums limit.