Public issue https://github.com/dr-soft/miniaudio/issues/172

I've noticed that a lot of this doesn't actually require atomic
operations so this may be reviewed again later.

This fixes an issue where a decoding backend can report configurations
outside of miniaudio's limits.

Public issues:
  * https://github.com/dr-soft/miniaudio/issues/166
  * https://github.com/dr-soft/miniaudio/issues/167

This is uninitializing the ring buffer before the device which results
in a situation where a stray data callback may try touching the buffer
after it's be uninitialized.

This is an internal change and does not affect any public APIs. This
change is in preparation for future lock-free high level APIs.

This updates ma_linear_resampler_get_expected_output_frame_count() to
calculate the expected output frame count in constant time rather than
linear time. This should improve performances of anything using
ma_calculate_frame_count_after_resampling() which includes
ma_decoder_get_length_in_pcm_frames().

These are completely untested. Nothing here is wired up to the main
system - they're just for experimenting with some ideas.

This is in preparation for self-managed message handling.

When a decoding backend is not present, initialization should abort
immediately with MA_NO_BACKEND, however it is including code for no
reason. This commit excludes that useless code from the build.