Add examples for the high level API.

examples/custom_decoder_engine.c

+/*
+Demonstrates how to implement a custom decoder and use it with the high level API.
+
+This is the same as the custom_decoder example, only it's used with the high level engine API
+rather than the low level decoding API. You can use this to add support for Opus to your games, for
+example (via libopus).
+*/
+#define MA_NO_VORBIS    /* Disable the built-in Vorbis decoder to ensure the libvorbis decoder is picked. */
+#define MA_NO_OPUS      /* Disable the (not yet implemented) built-in Opus decoder to ensure the libopus decoder is picked. */
+#define MINIAUDIO_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include "../../miniaudio.h"
+#include "../../extras/miniaudio_libvorbis.h"
+#include "../../extras/miniaudio_libopus.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+static ma_result ma_decoding_backend_init__libvorbis(void* pUserData, ma_read_proc onRead, ma_seek_proc onSeek, ma_tell_proc onTell, void* pReadSeekTellUserData, const ma_decoding_backend_config* pConfig, const ma_allocation_callbacks* pAllocationCallbacks, ma_data_source** ppBackend)
+{
+    ma_result result;
+    ma_libvorbis* pVorbis;
+
+    (void)pUserData;
+
+    pVorbis = (ma_libvorbis*)ma_malloc(sizeof(*pVorbis), pAllocationCallbacks);
+    if (pVorbis == NULL) {
+        return MA_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
+    }
+
+    result = ma_libvorbis_init(onRead, onSeek, onTell, pReadSeekTellUserData, pConfig, pAllocationCallbacks, pVorbis);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        ma_free(pVorbis, pAllocationCallbacks);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    *ppBackend = pVorbis;
+
+    return MA_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static ma_result ma_decoding_backend_init_file__libvorbis(void* pUserData, const char* pFilePath, const ma_decoding_backend_config* pConfig, const ma_allocation_callbacks* pAllocationCallbacks, ma_data_source** ppBackend)
+{
+    ma_result result;
+    ma_libvorbis* pVorbis;
+
+    (void)pUserData;
+
+    pVorbis = (ma_libvorbis*)ma_malloc(sizeof(*pVorbis), pAllocationCallbacks);
+    if (pVorbis == NULL) {
+        return MA_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
+    }
+
+    result = ma_libvorbis_init_file(pFilePath, pConfig, pAllocationCallbacks, pVorbis);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        ma_free(pVorbis, pAllocationCallbacks);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    *ppBackend = pVorbis;
+
+    return MA_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static void ma_decoding_backend_uninit__libvorbis(void* pUserData, ma_data_source* pBackend, const ma_allocation_callbacks* pAllocationCallbacks)
+{
+    ma_libvorbis* pVorbis = (ma_libvorbis*)pBackend;
+
+    (void)pUserData;
+
+    ma_libvorbis_uninit(pVorbis, pAllocationCallbacks);
+    ma_free(pVorbis, pAllocationCallbacks);
+}
+
+static ma_result ma_decoding_backend_get_channel_map__libvorbis(void* pUserData, ma_data_source* pBackend, ma_channel* pChannelMap, size_t channelMapCap)
+{
+    ma_libvorbis* pVorbis = (ma_libvorbis*)pBackend;
+
+    (void)pUserData;
+
+    return ma_libvorbis_get_data_format(pVorbis, NULL, NULL, NULL, pChannelMap, channelMapCap);
+}
+
+static ma_decoding_backend_vtable g_ma_decoding_backend_vtable_libvorbis =
+{
+    ma_decoding_backend_init__libvorbis,
+    ma_decoding_backend_init_file__libvorbis,
+    NULL, /* onInitFileW() */
+    NULL, /* onInitMemory() */
+    ma_decoding_backend_uninit__libvorbis
+};
+
+
+
+static ma_result ma_decoding_backend_init__libopus(void* pUserData, ma_read_proc onRead, ma_seek_proc onSeek, ma_tell_proc onTell, void* pReadSeekTellUserData, const ma_decoding_backend_config* pConfig, const ma_allocation_callbacks* pAllocationCallbacks, ma_data_source** ppBackend)
+{
+    ma_result result;
+    ma_libopus* pOpus;
+
+    (void)pUserData;
+
+    pOpus = (ma_libopus*)ma_malloc(sizeof(*pOpus), pAllocationCallbacks);
+    if (pOpus == NULL) {
+        return MA_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
+    }
+
+    result = ma_libopus_init(onRead, onSeek, onTell, pReadSeekTellUserData, pConfig, pAllocationCallbacks, pOpus);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        ma_free(pOpus, pAllocationCallbacks);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    *ppBackend = pOpus;
+
+    return MA_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static ma_result ma_decoding_backend_init_file__libopus(void* pUserData, const char* pFilePath, const ma_decoding_backend_config* pConfig, const ma_allocation_callbacks* pAllocationCallbacks, ma_data_source** ppBackend)
+{
+    ma_result result;
+    ma_libopus* pOpus;
+
+    (void)pUserData;
+
+    pOpus = (ma_libopus*)ma_malloc(sizeof(*pOpus), pAllocationCallbacks);
+    if (pOpus == NULL) {
+        return MA_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
+    }
+
+    result = ma_libopus_init_file(pFilePath, pConfig, pAllocationCallbacks, pOpus);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        ma_free(pOpus, pAllocationCallbacks);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    *ppBackend = pOpus;
+
+    return MA_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static void ma_decoding_backend_uninit__libopus(void* pUserData, ma_data_source* pBackend, const ma_allocation_callbacks* pAllocationCallbacks)
+{
+    ma_libopus* pOpus = (ma_libopus*)pBackend;
+
+    (void)pUserData;
+
+    ma_libopus_uninit(pOpus, pAllocationCallbacks);
+    ma_free(pOpus, pAllocationCallbacks);
+}
+
+static ma_result ma_decoding_backend_get_channel_map__libopus(void* pUserData, ma_data_source* pBackend, ma_channel* pChannelMap, size_t channelMapCap)
+{
+    ma_libopus* pOpus = (ma_libopus*)pBackend;
+
+    (void)pUserData;
+
+    return ma_libopus_get_data_format(pOpus, NULL, NULL, NULL, pChannelMap, channelMapCap);
+}
+
+static ma_decoding_backend_vtable g_ma_decoding_backend_vtable_libopus =
+{
+    ma_decoding_backend_init__libopus,
+    ma_decoding_backend_init_file__libopus,
+    NULL, /* onInitFileW() */
+    NULL, /* onInitMemory() */
+    ma_decoding_backend_uninit__libopus
+};
+
+
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+    ma_result result;
+    ma_resource_manager_config resourceManagerConfig;
+    ma_resource_manager resourceManager;
+    ma_engine_config engineConfig;
+    ma_engine engine;
+
+    /*
+    Add your custom backend vtables here. The order in the array defines the order of priority. The
+    vtables will be passed in to the resource manager config.
+    */
+    ma_decoding_backend_vtable* pCustomBackendVTables[] =
+    {
+        &g_ma_decoding_backend_vtable_libvorbis,
+        &g_ma_decoding_backend_vtable_libopus
+    };
+
+
+    if (argc < 2) {
+        printf("No input file.\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+
+    /* Using custom decoding backends requires a resource manager. */
+    resourceManagerConfig = ma_resource_manager_config_init();
+    resourceManagerConfig.ppCustomDecodingBackendVTables = pCustomBackendVTables;
+    resourceManagerConfig.customDecodingBackendCount     = sizeof(pCustomBackendVTables) / sizeof(pCustomBackendVTables[0]);
+    resourceManagerConfig.pCustomDecodingBackendUserData = NULL;  /* <-- This will be passed in to the pUserData parameter of each function in the decoding backend vtables. */
+
+    result = ma_resource_manager_init(&resourceManagerConfig, &resourceManager);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        printf("Failed to initialize resource manager.");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+
+    /* Once we have a resource manager we can create the engine. */
+    engineConfig = ma_engine_config_init();
+    engineConfig.pResourceManager = &resourceManager;
+
+    result = ma_engine_init(&engineConfig, &engine);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        printf("Failed to initialize engine.");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+
+    /* Now we can play our sound. */
+    result = ma_engine_play_sound(&engine, argv[1], NULL);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        printf("Failed to play sound.");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+
+    printf("Press Enter to quit...");
+    getchar();
+
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file

examples/duplex_effect.c

+/*
+Demonstrates how to apply an effect to a duplex stream using the node graph system.
+
+This example applies a vocoder effect to the input stream before outputting it. A custom node
+called `ma_vocoder_node` is used to achieve the effect which can be found in the extras folder in
+the miniaudio repository. The vocoder node uses https://github.com/blastbay/voclib to achieve the
+effect.
+*/
+#define MINIAUDIO_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include "../../miniaudio.h"
+#include "../miniaudio_engine.h"
+#include "../_extras/nodes/ma_vocoder_node/ma_vocoder_node.c"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#define DEVICE_FORMAT      ma_format_f32;   /* Must always be f32 for this example because the node graph system only works with this. */
+#define DEVICE_CHANNELS    1                /* For this example, always set to 1. */
+
+static ma_waveform         g_sourceData;    /* The underlying data source of the excite node. */
+static ma_audio_buffer_ref g_exciteData;    /* The underlying data source of the source node. */
+static ma_data_source_node g_sourceNode;    /* A data source node containing the source data we'll be sending through to the vocoder. This will be routed into the first bus of the vocoder node. */
+static ma_data_source_node g_exciteNode;    /* A data source node containing the excite data we'll be sending through to the vocoder. This will be routed into the second bus of the vocoder node. */
+static ma_vocoder_node     g_vocoderNode;   /* The vocoder node. */
+static ma_node_graph       g_nodeGraph;
+
+void data_callback(ma_device* pDevice, void* pOutput, const void* pInput, ma_uint32 frameCount)
+{
+    MA_ASSERT(pDevice->capture.format == pDevice->playback.format);
+    MA_ASSERT(pDevice->capture.channels == pDevice->playback.channels);
+
+    /*
+    The node graph system is a pulling style of API. At the lowest level of the chain will be a 
+    node acting as a data source for the purpose of delivering the initial audio data. In our case,
+    the data source is our `pInput` buffer. We need to update the underlying data source so that it
+    read data from `pInput`.
+    */
+    ma_audio_buffer_ref_set_data(&g_exciteData, pInput, frameCount);
+
+    /* With the source buffer configured we can now read directly from the node graph. */
+    ma_node_graph_read_pcm_frames(&g_nodeGraph, pOutput, frameCount, NULL);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+    ma_result result;
+    ma_device_config deviceConfig;
+    ma_device device;
+    ma_node_graph_config nodeGraphConfig;
+    ma_vocoder_node_config vocoderNodeConfig;
+    ma_data_source_node_config sourceNodeConfig;
+    ma_data_source_node_config exciteNodeConfig;
+    ma_waveform_config waveformConfig;
+
+    deviceConfig = ma_device_config_init(ma_device_type_duplex);
+    deviceConfig.capture.pDeviceID  = NULL;
+    deviceConfig.capture.format     = DEVICE_FORMAT;
+    deviceConfig.capture.channels   = DEVICE_CHANNELS;
+    deviceConfig.capture.shareMode  = ma_share_mode_shared;
+    deviceConfig.playback.pDeviceID = NULL;
+    deviceConfig.playback.format    = DEVICE_FORMAT;
+    deviceConfig.playback.channels  = DEVICE_CHANNELS;
+    deviceConfig.dataCallback       = data_callback;
+    result = ma_device_init(NULL, &deviceConfig, &device);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    /* Now we can setup our node graph. */
+    nodeGraphConfig = ma_node_graph_config_init(device.capture.channels);
+
+    result = ma_node_graph_init(&nodeGraphConfig, NULL, &g_nodeGraph);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        printf("Failed to initialize node graph.");
+        goto done0;
+    }
+
+
+    /* Vocoder. Attached straight to the endpoint. */
+    vocoderNodeConfig = ma_vocoder_node_config_init(device.capture.channels, device.sampleRate);
+
+    result = ma_vocoder_node_init(&g_nodeGraph, &vocoderNodeConfig, NULL, &g_vocoderNode);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        printf("Failed to initialize vocoder node.");
+        goto done1;
+    }
+
+    ma_node_attach_output_bus(&g_vocoderNode, 0, ma_node_graph_get_endpoint(&g_nodeGraph), 0);
+
+    /* Amplify the volume of the vocoder output because in my testing it is a bit quiet. */
+    ma_node_set_output_bus_volume(&g_vocoderNode, 0, 4);
+
+
+    /* Source/carrier. Attached to input bus 0 of the vocoder node. */
+    waveformConfig = ma_waveform_config_init(device.capture.format, device.capture.channels, device.sampleRate, ma_waveform_type_sawtooth, 1.0, 50);
+
+    result = ma_waveform_init(&waveformConfig, &g_sourceData);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        printf("Failed to initialize waveform for excite node.");
+        goto done3;
+    }
+
+    sourceNodeConfig = ma_data_source_node_config_init(&g_sourceData, MA_FALSE);
+
+    result = ma_data_source_node_init(&g_nodeGraph, &sourceNodeConfig, NULL, &g_sourceNode);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        printf("Failed to initialize excite node.");
+        goto done3;
+    }
+
+    ma_node_attach_output_bus(&g_sourceNode, 0, &g_vocoderNode, 0);
+
+
+    /* Excite/modulator. Attached to input bus 1 of the vocoder node. */
+    result = ma_audio_buffer_ref_init(device.capture.format, device.capture.channels, NULL, 0, &g_exciteData);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        printf("Failed to initialize audio buffer for source.");
+        goto done2;
+    }
+
+    exciteNodeConfig = ma_data_source_node_config_init(&g_exciteData, MA_FALSE);
+
+    result = ma_data_source_node_init(&g_nodeGraph, &exciteNodeConfig, NULL, &g_exciteNode);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        printf("Failed to initialize source node.");
+        goto done2;
+    }
+
+    ma_node_attach_output_bus(&g_exciteNode, 0, &g_vocoderNode, 1);
+
+
+    ma_device_start(&device);
+
+    printf("Press Enter to quit...\n");
+    getchar();
+
+    /* It's important that we stop the device first or else we'll uninitialize the graph from under the device. */
+    ma_device_stop(&device);
+
+/*done4:*/ ma_data_source_node_uninit(&g_exciteNode, NULL);
+done3: ma_data_source_node_uninit(&g_sourceNode, NULL);
+done2: ma_vocoder_node_uninit(&g_vocoderNode, NULL);
+done1: ma_node_graph_uninit(&g_nodeGraph, NULL);
+done0: ma_device_uninit(&device);
+
+    (void)argc;
+    (void)argv;
+    return 0;
+}

examples/engine_hello_world.c

+/*
+This example demonstrates how to initialize an audio engine and play a sound.
+
+This will play the sound specified on the command line.
+*/
+#define MINIAUDIO_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include "../../miniaudio.h"
+#include "../miniaudio_engine.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+    ma_result result;
+    ma_engine engine;
+
+    if (argc < 2) {
+        printf("No input file.");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    result = ma_engine_init(NULL, &engine);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        printf("Failed to initialize audio engine.");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    ma_engine_play_sound(&engine, argv[1], NULL);
+
+    printf("Press Enter to quit...");
+    getchar();
+
+    ma_engine_uninit(&engine);
+
+    return 0;
+}

examples/resource_manager.c

+/*
+Demonstrates how you can use the resource manager to manage loaded sounds.
+
+This example loads the first sound specified on the command line via the resource manager and then plays it using the
+low level API.
+
+You can control whether or not you want to load the sound asynchronously and whether or not you want to store the data
+in-memory or stream it. When storing the sound in-memory you can also control whether or not it is decoded. To do this,
+specify a combination of the following options in `ma_resource_manager_data_source_init()`:
+
+    * MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_ASYNC  - Load asynchronously.
+    * MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_DECODE - Store the sound in-memory in uncompressed/decoded format.
+    * MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_STREAM - Stream the sound from disk rather than storing entirely in memory. Useful for music.
+
+The object returned by the resource manager is just a standard data source which means it can be plugged into any of
+`ma_data_source_*()` APIs just like any other data source and it should just work.
+
+Internally, there's a background thread that's used to process jobs and enable asynchronicity. By default there is only
+a single job thread, but this can be configured in the resource manager config. You can also implement your own threads
+for processing jobs. That is more advanced, and beyond the scope of this example.
+
+When you initialize a resource manager you can specify the sample format, channels and sample rate to use when reading
+data from the data source. This means the resource manager will ensure all sounds will have a standard format. When not
+set, each sound will have their own formats and you'll need to do the necessary data conversion yourself.
+*/
+#define MA_NO_ENGINE        /* We're intentionally not using the ma_engine API here. */
+#define MINIAUDIO_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include "../../miniaudio.h"
+#include "../miniaudio_engine.h"
+
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+#include <emscripten.h>
+
+void main_loop__em(void* pUserData)
+{
+    ma_resource_manager* pResourceManager = (ma_resource_manager*)pUserData;
+    MA_ASSERT(pResourceManager != NULL);
+
+    /*
+    The Emscripten build does not support threading which means we need to process jobs manually. If
+    there are no jobs needing to be processed this will return immediately with MA_NO_DATA_AVAILABLE.
+    */
+    ma_resource_manager_process_next_job(pResourceManager);
+}
+#endif
+
+void data_callback(ma_device* pDevice, void* pOutput, const void* pInput, ma_uint32 frameCount)
+{
+    ma_data_source_read_pcm_frames((ma_data_source*)pDevice->pUserData, pOutput, frameCount, NULL, MA_TRUE);
+
+    (void)pInput;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+    ma_result result;
+    ma_device_config deviceConfig;
+    ma_device device;
+    ma_resource_manager_config resourceManagerConfig;
+    ma_resource_manager resourceManager;
+    ma_resource_manager_data_source dataSource;
+
+    if (argc < 2) {
+        printf("No input file.");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+
+    /* We'll initialize the device first. */
+    deviceConfig = ma_device_config_init(ma_device_type_playback);
+    deviceConfig.dataCallback = data_callback;
+    deviceConfig.pUserData    = &dataSource;    /* <-- We'll be reading from this in the data callback. */
+
+    result = ma_device_init(NULL, &deviceConfig, &device);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        printf("Failed to initialize device.");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+
+    /*
+    We have the device so now we want to initialize the resource manager. We'll use the resource manager to load a
+    sound based on the command line.
+    */
+    resourceManagerConfig = ma_resource_manager_config_init();
+    resourceManagerConfig.decodedFormat     = device.playback.format;
+    resourceManagerConfig.decodedChannels   = device.playback.channels;
+    resourceManagerConfig.decodedSampleRate = device.sampleRate;
+
+    /*
+    We're not supporting threading with Emscripten so go ahead and disable threading. It's important
+    that we set the appropriate flag and also the job thread count to 0.
+    */
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+    resourceManagerConfig.flags |= MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_FLAG_NO_THREADING;
+    resourceManagerConfig.jobThreadCount = 0;
+#endif
+
+    result = ma_resource_manager_init(&resourceManagerConfig, &resourceManager);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        ma_device_uninit(&device);
+        printf("Failed to initialize the resource manager.");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* Now that we have a resource manager we can load a sound. */
+    result = ma_resource_manager_data_source_init(
+        &resourceManager,
+        argv[1],
+        MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_DECODE | MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_ASYNC | MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_STREAM,
+        NULL,   /* Async notification. */
+        &dataSource);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        printf("Failed to load sound \"%s\".", argv[1]);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+
+    /* Now that we have a sound we can start the device. */
+    result = ma_device_start(&device);
+    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        ma_device_uninit(&device);
+        printf("Failed to start device.");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+    emscripten_set_main_loop_arg(main_loop__em, &resourceManager, 0, 1);
+#else
+    printf("Press Enter to quit...\n");
+    getchar();
+#endif
+
+    /* Teardown. */
+
+    /* Uninitialize the device first to ensure the data callback is stopped and doesn't try to access any data. */
+    ma_device_uninit(&device);
+
+    /*
+    Before uninitializing the resource manager we need to uninitialize every data source. The data source is owned by
+    the caller which means you're responsible for uninitializing it.
+    */
+    ma_resource_manager_data_source_uninit(&dataSource);
+
+    /* Uninitialize the resource manager after each data source. */
+    ma_resource_manager_uninit(&resourceManager);
+
+    return 0;
+}

research/_examples/custom_decoder_engine.c

-/*
-Demonstrates how to implement a custom decoder.
-
-This example implements two custom decoders:
-
-  * Vorbis via libvorbis
-  * Opus via libopus
-
-A custom decoder must implement a data source. In this example, the libvorbis data source is called
-`ma_libvorbis` and the Opus data source is called `ma_libopus`. These two objects are compatible
-with the `ma_data_source` APIs and can be taken straight from this example and used in real code.
-
-The custom decoding data sources (`ma_libvorbis` and `ma_libopus` in this example) are connected to
-the decoder via the decoder config (`ma_decoder_config`). You need to implement a vtable for each
-of your custom decoders. See `ma_decoding_backend_vtable` for the functions you need to implement.
-The `onInitFile`, `onInitFileW` and `onInitMemory` functions are optional.
-*/
-#define MA_NO_VORBIS    /* Disable the built-in Vorbis decoder to ensure the libvorbis decoder is picked. */
-#define MA_NO_OPUS      /* Disable the (not yet implemented) built-in Opus decoder to ensure the libopus decoder is picked. */
-#define MINIAUDIO_IMPLEMENTATION
-#include "../../miniaudio.h"
-#include "../../extras/miniaudio_libvorbis.h"
-#include "../../extras/miniaudio_libopus.h"
-#include "../miniaudio_engine.h"
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-static ma_result ma_decoding_backend_init__libvorbis(void* pUserData, ma_read_proc onRead, ma_seek_proc onSeek, ma_tell_proc onTell, void* pReadSeekTellUserData, const ma_decoding_backend_config* pConfig, const ma_allocation_callbacks* pAllocationCallbacks, ma_data_source** ppBackend)
-{
-    ma_result result;
-    ma_libvorbis* pVorbis;
-
-    (void)pUserData;
-
-    pVorbis = (ma_libvorbis*)ma_malloc(sizeof(*pVorbis), pAllocationCallbacks);
-    if (pVorbis == NULL) {
-        return MA_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-    }
-
-    result = ma_libvorbis_init(onRead, onSeek, onTell, pReadSeekTellUserData, pConfig, pAllocationCallbacks, pVorbis);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        ma_free(pVorbis, pAllocationCallbacks);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    *ppBackend = pVorbis;
-
-    return MA_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static ma_result ma_decoding_backend_init_file__libvorbis(void* pUserData, const char* pFilePath, const ma_decoding_backend_config* pConfig, const ma_allocation_callbacks* pAllocationCallbacks, ma_data_source** ppBackend)
-{
-    ma_result result;
-    ma_libvorbis* pVorbis;
-
-    (void)pUserData;
-
-    pVorbis = (ma_libvorbis*)ma_malloc(sizeof(*pVorbis), pAllocationCallbacks);
-    if (pVorbis == NULL) {
-        return MA_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-    }
-
-    result = ma_libvorbis_init_file(pFilePath, pConfig, pAllocationCallbacks, pVorbis);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        ma_free(pVorbis, pAllocationCallbacks);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    *ppBackend = pVorbis;
-
-    return MA_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static void ma_decoding_backend_uninit__libvorbis(void* pUserData, ma_data_source* pBackend, const ma_allocation_callbacks* pAllocationCallbacks)
-{
-    ma_libvorbis* pVorbis = (ma_libvorbis*)pBackend;
-
-    (void)pUserData;
-
-    ma_libvorbis_uninit(pVorbis, pAllocationCallbacks);
-    ma_free(pVorbis, pAllocationCallbacks);
-}
-
-static ma_result ma_decoding_backend_get_channel_map__libvorbis(void* pUserData, ma_data_source* pBackend, ma_channel* pChannelMap, size_t channelMapCap)
-{
-    ma_libvorbis* pVorbis = (ma_libvorbis*)pBackend;
-
-    (void)pUserData;
-
-    return ma_libvorbis_get_data_format(pVorbis, NULL, NULL, NULL, pChannelMap, channelMapCap);
-}
-
-static ma_decoding_backend_vtable g_ma_decoding_backend_vtable_libvorbis =
-{
-    ma_decoding_backend_init__libvorbis,
-    ma_decoding_backend_init_file__libvorbis,
-    NULL, /* onInitFileW() */
-    NULL, /* onInitMemory() */
-    ma_decoding_backend_uninit__libvorbis
-};
-
-
-
-static ma_result ma_decoding_backend_init__libopus(void* pUserData, ma_read_proc onRead, ma_seek_proc onSeek, ma_tell_proc onTell, void* pReadSeekTellUserData, const ma_decoding_backend_config* pConfig, const ma_allocation_callbacks* pAllocationCallbacks, ma_data_source** ppBackend)
-{
-    ma_result result;
-    ma_libopus* pOpus;
-
-    (void)pUserData;
-
-    pOpus = (ma_libopus*)ma_malloc(sizeof(*pOpus), pAllocationCallbacks);
-    if (pOpus == NULL) {
-        return MA_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-    }
-
-    result = ma_libopus_init(onRead, onSeek, onTell, pReadSeekTellUserData, pConfig, pAllocationCallbacks, pOpus);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        ma_free(pOpus, pAllocationCallbacks);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    *ppBackend = pOpus;
-
-    return MA_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static ma_result ma_decoding_backend_init_file__libopus(void* pUserData, const char* pFilePath, const ma_decoding_backend_config* pConfig, const ma_allocation_callbacks* pAllocationCallbacks, ma_data_source** ppBackend)
-{
-    ma_result result;
-    ma_libopus* pOpus;
-
-    (void)pUserData;
-
-    pOpus = (ma_libopus*)ma_malloc(sizeof(*pOpus), pAllocationCallbacks);
-    if (pOpus == NULL) {
-        return MA_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-    }
-
-    result = ma_libopus_init_file(pFilePath, pConfig, pAllocationCallbacks, pOpus);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        ma_free(pOpus, pAllocationCallbacks);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    *ppBackend = pOpus;
-
-    return MA_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static void ma_decoding_backend_uninit__libopus(void* pUserData, ma_data_source* pBackend, const ma_allocation_callbacks* pAllocationCallbacks)
-{
-    ma_libopus* pOpus = (ma_libopus*)pBackend;
-
-    (void)pUserData;
-
-    ma_libopus_uninit(pOpus, pAllocationCallbacks);
-    ma_free(pOpus, pAllocationCallbacks);
-}
-
-static ma_result ma_decoding_backend_get_channel_map__libopus(void* pUserData, ma_data_source* pBackend, ma_channel* pChannelMap, size_t channelMapCap)
-{
-    ma_libopus* pOpus = (ma_libopus*)pBackend;
-
-    (void)pUserData;
-
-    return ma_libopus_get_data_format(pOpus, NULL, NULL, NULL, pChannelMap, channelMapCap);
-}
-
-static ma_decoding_backend_vtable g_ma_decoding_backend_vtable_libopus =
-{
-    ma_decoding_backend_init__libopus,
-    ma_decoding_backend_init_file__libopus,
-    NULL, /* onInitFileW() */
-    NULL, /* onInitMemory() */
-    ma_decoding_backend_uninit__libopus
-};
-
-
-
-
-void data_callback(ma_device* pDevice, void* pOutput, const void* pInput, ma_uint32 frameCount)
-{
-    ma_data_source* pDataSource = (ma_data_source*)pDevice->pUserData;
-    if (pDataSource == NULL) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    ma_data_source_read_pcm_frames(pDataSource, pOutput, frameCount, NULL, MA_TRUE);
-
-    (void)pInput;
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv)
-{
-    ma_result result;
-    ma_resource_manager_config resourceManagerConfig;
-    ma_resource_manager resourceManager;
-    ma_engine_config engineConfig;
-    ma_engine engine;
-
-    /*
-    Add your custom backend vtables here. The order in the array defines the order of priority. The
-    vtables will be passed in to the resource manager config.
-    */
-    ma_decoding_backend_vtable* pCustomBackendVTables[] =
-    {
-        &g_ma_decoding_backend_vtable_libvorbis,
-        &g_ma_decoding_backend_vtable_libopus
-    };
-
-
-    if (argc < 2) {
-        printf("No input file.\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-
-    /* Using custom decoding backends requires a resource manager. */
-    resourceManagerConfig = ma_resource_manager_config_init();
-    resourceManagerConfig.ppCustomDecodingBackendVTables = pCustomBackendVTables;
-    resourceManagerConfig.customDecodingBackendCount     = sizeof(pCustomBackendVTables) / sizeof(pCustomBackendVTables[0]);
-    resourceManagerConfig.pCustomDecodingBackendUserData = NULL;  /* <-- This will be passed in to the pUserData parameter of each function in the decoding backend vtables. */
-
-    result = ma_resource_manager_init(&resourceManagerConfig, &resourceManager);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        printf("Failed to initialize resource manager.");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-
-    /* Once we have a resource manager we can create the engine. */
-    engineConfig = ma_engine_config_init();
-    engineConfig.pResourceManager = &resourceManager;
-
-    result = ma_engine_init(&engineConfig, &engine);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        printf("Failed to initialize engine.");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-
-    /* Now we can play our sound. */
-    result = ma_engine_play_sound(&engine, argv[1], NULL);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        printf("Failed to play sound.");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-
-    printf("Press Enter to quit...");
-    getchar();
-
-    return 0;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+#include "../../examples/custom_decoder_engine.c"
\ No newline at end of file

research/_examples/duplex_effect.c

-/*
-Demonstrates how to apply an effect to a duplex stream using the node graph system.
-
-This example applies a vocoder effect to the input stream before outputting it. A custom node
-called `ma_vocoder_node` is used to achieve the effect which can be found in the extras folder in
-the miniaudio repository. The vocoder node uses https://github.com/blastbay/voclib to achieve the
-effect.
-*/
-#define MINIAUDIO_IMPLEMENTATION
-#include "../../miniaudio.h"
-#include "../miniaudio_engine.h"
-#include "../_extras/nodes/ma_vocoder_node/ma_vocoder_node.c"
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-#define DEVICE_FORMAT      ma_format_f32;   /* Must always be f32 for this example because the node graph system only works with this. */
-#define DEVICE_CHANNELS    1                /* For this example, always set to 1. */
-
-static ma_waveform         g_sourceData;    /* The underlying data source of the excite node. */
-static ma_audio_buffer_ref g_exciteData;    /* The underlying data source of the source node. */
-static ma_data_source_node g_sourceNode;    /* A data source node containing the source data we'll be sending through to the vocoder. This will be routed into the first bus of the vocoder node. */
-static ma_data_source_node g_exciteNode;    /* A data source node containing the excite data we'll be sending through to the vocoder. This will be routed into the second bus of the vocoder node. */
-static ma_vocoder_node     g_vocoderNode;   /* The vocoder node. */
-static ma_node_graph       g_nodeGraph;
-
-void data_callback(ma_device* pDevice, void* pOutput, const void* pInput, ma_uint32 frameCount)
-{
-    MA_ASSERT(pDevice->capture.format == pDevice->playback.format);
-    MA_ASSERT(pDevice->capture.channels == pDevice->playback.channels);
-
-    /*
-    The node graph system is a pulling style of API. At the lowest level of the chain will be a 
-    node acting as a data source for the purpose of delivering the initial audio data. In our case,
-    the data source is our `pInput` buffer. We need to update the underlying data source so that it
-    read data from `pInput`.
-    */
-    ma_audio_buffer_ref_set_data(&g_exciteData, pInput, frameCount);
-
-    /* With the source buffer configured we can now read directly from the node graph. */
-    ma_node_graph_read_pcm_frames(&g_nodeGraph, pOutput, frameCount, NULL);
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv)
-{
-    ma_result result;
-    ma_device_config deviceConfig;
-    ma_device device;
-    ma_node_graph_config nodeGraphConfig;
-    ma_vocoder_node_config vocoderNodeConfig;
-    ma_data_source_node_config sourceNodeConfig;
-    ma_data_source_node_config exciteNodeConfig;
-    ma_waveform_config waveformConfig;
-
-    deviceConfig = ma_device_config_init(ma_device_type_duplex);
-    deviceConfig.capture.pDeviceID  = NULL;
-    deviceConfig.capture.format     = DEVICE_FORMAT;
-    deviceConfig.capture.channels   = DEVICE_CHANNELS;
-    deviceConfig.capture.shareMode  = ma_share_mode_shared;
-    deviceConfig.playback.pDeviceID = NULL;
-    deviceConfig.playback.format    = DEVICE_FORMAT;
-    deviceConfig.playback.channels  = DEVICE_CHANNELS;
-    deviceConfig.dataCallback       = data_callback;
-    result = ma_device_init(NULL, &deviceConfig, &device);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        return result;
-    }
-
-
-    /* Now we can setup our node graph. */
-    nodeGraphConfig = ma_node_graph_config_init(device.capture.channels);
-
-    result = ma_node_graph_init(&nodeGraphConfig, NULL, &g_nodeGraph);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        printf("Failed to initialize node graph.");
-        goto done0;
-    }
-
-
-    /* Vocoder. Attached straight to the endpoint. */
-    vocoderNodeConfig = ma_vocoder_node_config_init(device.capture.channels, device.sampleRate);
-
-    result = ma_vocoder_node_init(&g_nodeGraph, &vocoderNodeConfig, NULL, &g_vocoderNode);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        printf("Failed to initialize vocoder node.");
-        goto done1;
-    }
-
-    ma_node_attach_output_bus(&g_vocoderNode, 0, ma_node_graph_get_endpoint(&g_nodeGraph), 0);
-
-    /* Amplify the volume of the vocoder output because in my testing it is a bit quiet. */
-    ma_node_set_output_bus_volume(&g_vocoderNode, 0, 4);
-
-
-    /* Source/carrier. Attached to input bus 0 of the vocoder node. */
-    waveformConfig = ma_waveform_config_init(device.capture.format, device.capture.channels, device.sampleRate, ma_waveform_type_sawtooth, 1.0, 50);
-
-    result = ma_waveform_init(&waveformConfig, &g_sourceData);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        printf("Failed to initialize waveform for excite node.");
-        goto done3;
-    }
-
-    sourceNodeConfig = ma_data_source_node_config_init(&g_sourceData, MA_FALSE);
-
-    result = ma_data_source_node_init(&g_nodeGraph, &sourceNodeConfig, NULL, &g_sourceNode);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        printf("Failed to initialize excite node.");
-        goto done3;
-    }
-
-    ma_node_attach_output_bus(&g_sourceNode, 0, &g_vocoderNode, 0);
-
-
-    /* Excite/modulator. Attached to input bus 1 of the vocoder node. */
-    result = ma_audio_buffer_ref_init(device.capture.format, device.capture.channels, NULL, 0, &g_exciteData);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        printf("Failed to initialize audio buffer for source.");
-        goto done2;
-    }
-
-    exciteNodeConfig = ma_data_source_node_config_init(&g_exciteData, MA_FALSE);
-
-    result = ma_data_source_node_init(&g_nodeGraph, &exciteNodeConfig, NULL, &g_exciteNode);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        printf("Failed to initialize source node.");
-        goto done2;
-    }
-
-    ma_node_attach_output_bus(&g_exciteNode, 0, &g_vocoderNode, 1);
-
-
-    ma_device_start(&device);
-
-    printf("Press Enter to quit...\n");
-    getchar();
-
-    /* It's important that we stop the device first or else we'll uninitialize the graph from under the device. */
-    ma_device_stop(&device);
-
-/*done4:*/ ma_data_source_node_uninit(&g_exciteNode, NULL);
-done3: ma_data_source_node_uninit(&g_sourceNode, NULL);
-done2: ma_vocoder_node_uninit(&g_vocoderNode, NULL);
-done1: ma_node_graph_uninit(&g_nodeGraph, NULL);
-done0: ma_device_uninit(&device);
-
-    (void)argc;
-    (void)argv;
-    return 0;
-}
+#include "../../examples/duplex_effect.c"
\ No newline at end of file

research/_examples/engine_hello_world.c

-/*
-This example demonstrates how to initialize an audio engine and play a sound.
-
-This will play the sound specified on the command line.
-*/
-#define MINIAUDIO_IMPLEMENTATION
-#include "../../miniaudio.h"
-#include "../miniaudio_engine.h"
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv)
-{
-    ma_result result;
-    ma_engine engine;
-
-    if (argc < 2) {
-        printf("No input file.");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    result = ma_engine_init(NULL, &engine);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        printf("Failed to initialize audio engine.");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    ma_engine_play_sound(&engine, argv[1], NULL);
-
-    printf("Press Enter to quit...");
-    getchar();
-
-    ma_engine_uninit(&engine);
-
-    return 0;
-}
+#include "../../examples/engine_hello_world.c"
\ No newline at end of file

research/_examples/resource_manager.c

-/*
-Demonstrates how you can use the resource manager to manage loaded sounds.
-
-This example loads the first sound specified on the command line via the resource manager and then plays it using the
-low level API.
-
-You can control whether or not you want to load the sound asynchronously and whether or not you want to store the data
-in-memory or stream it. When storing the sound in-memory you can also control whether or not it is decoded. To do this,
-specify a combination of the following options in `ma_resource_manager_data_source_init()`:
-
-    * MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_ASYNC  - Load asynchronously.
-    * MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_DECODE - Store the sound in-memory in uncompressed/decoded format.
-    * MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_STREAM - Stream the sound from disk rather than storing entirely in memory. Useful for music.
-
-The object returned by the resource manager is just a standard data source which means it can be plugged into any of
-`ma_data_source_*()` APIs just like any other data source and it should just work.
-
-Internally, there's a background thread that's used to process jobs and enable asynchronicity. By default there is only
-a single job thread, but this can be configured in the resource manager config. You can also implement your own threads
-for processing jobs. That is more advanced, and beyond the scope of this example.
-
-When you initialize a resource manager you can specify the sample format, channels and sample rate to use when reading
-data from the data source. This means the resource manager will ensure all sounds will have a standard format. When not
-set, each sound will have their own formats and you'll need to do the necessary data conversion yourself.
-*/
-#define MA_NO_ENGINE        /* We're intentionally not using the ma_engine API here. */
-#define MINIAUDIO_IMPLEMENTATION
-#include "../../miniaudio.h"
-#include "../miniaudio_engine.h"
-
-#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
-#include <emscripten.h>
-
-void main_loop__em(void* pUserData)
-{
-    ma_resource_manager* pResourceManager = (ma_resource_manager*)pUserData;
-    MA_ASSERT(pResourceManager != NULL);
-
-    /*
-    The Emscripten build does not support threading which means we need to process jobs manually. If
-    there are no jobs needing to be processed this will return immediately with MA_NO_DATA_AVAILABLE.
-    */
-    ma_resource_manager_process_next_job(pResourceManager);
-}
-#endif
-
-void data_callback(ma_device* pDevice, void* pOutput, const void* pInput, ma_uint32 frameCount)
-{
-    ma_data_source_read_pcm_frames((ma_data_source*)pDevice->pUserData, pOutput, frameCount, NULL, MA_TRUE);
-
-    (void)pInput;
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv)
-{
-    ma_result result;
-    ma_device_config deviceConfig;
-    ma_device device;
-    ma_resource_manager_config resourceManagerConfig;
-    ma_resource_manager resourceManager;
-    ma_resource_manager_data_source dataSource;
-
-    if (argc < 2) {
-        printf("No input file.");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-
-    /* We'll initialize the device first. */
-    deviceConfig = ma_device_config_init(ma_device_type_playback);
-    deviceConfig.dataCallback = data_callback;
-    deviceConfig.pUserData    = &dataSource;    /* <-- We'll be reading from this in the data callback. */
-
-    result = ma_device_init(NULL, &deviceConfig, &device);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        printf("Failed to initialize device.");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-
-    /*
-    We have the device so now we want to initialize the resource manager. We'll use the resource manager to load a
-    sound based on the command line.
-    */
-    resourceManagerConfig = ma_resource_manager_config_init();
-    resourceManagerConfig.decodedFormat     = device.playback.format;
-    resourceManagerConfig.decodedChannels   = device.playback.channels;
-    resourceManagerConfig.decodedSampleRate = device.sampleRate;
-
-    /*
-    We're not supporting threading with Emscripten so go ahead and disable threading. It's important
-    that we set the appropriate flag and also the job thread count to 0.
-    */
-#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
-    resourceManagerConfig.flags |= MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_FLAG_NO_THREADING;
-    resourceManagerConfig.jobThreadCount = 0;
-#endif
-
-    result = ma_resource_manager_init(&resourceManagerConfig, &resourceManager);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        ma_device_uninit(&device);
-        printf("Failed to initialize the resource manager.");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    /* Now that we have a resource manager we can load a sound. */
-    result = ma_resource_manager_data_source_init(
-        &resourceManager,
-        argv[1],
-        MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_DECODE | MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_ASYNC | MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_STREAM,
-        NULL,   /* Async notification. */
-        &dataSource);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        printf("Failed to load sound \"%s\".", argv[1]);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-
-    /* Now that we have a sound we can start the device. */
-    result = ma_device_start(&device);
-    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
-        ma_device_uninit(&device);
-        printf("Failed to start device.");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
-    emscripten_set_main_loop_arg(main_loop__em, &resourceManager, 0, 1);
-#else
-    printf("Press Enter to quit...\n");
-    getchar();
-#endif
-
-    /* Teardown. */
-
-    /* Uninitialize the device first to ensure the data callback is stopped and doesn't try to access any data. */
-    ma_device_uninit(&device);
-
-    /*
-    Before uninitializing the resource manager we need to uninitialize every data source. The data source is owned by
-    the caller which means you're responsible for uninitializing it.
-    */
-    ma_resource_manager_data_source_uninit(&dataSource);
-
-    /* Uninitialize the resource manager after each data source. */
-    ma_resource_manager_uninit(&resourceManager);
-
-    return 0;
-}
+#include "../../examples/resource_manager.c"
\ No newline at end of file